Y Biology (2016) sixteen:Web page 24 ofTMP, Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Canada; YPM, Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, United states of america; UAM, Alabama Museum of Organic Record, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United states of america.Fossil materialFor a number of the considerably less exactly recognized resources, we denote formerly posted identifications having an asterisk (*). We suggest new identifications for these specimens within the Dialogue. The fossil specimens integrated from the current study are: Hesperornis regalis: proper mandible fragment with teeth YPM.1206.A, and isolated but associated tooth YPM.1206.B [6, 108]; Ichthyornis dispar: proper mandible fragment with teeth YPM.1775, isolated tooth YPM.1460 (crown only) and tooth fragments YPM.1450 (see [6, 9]), and UAM_PV93.2.133_1 and UAM_PV93.2.133_2 (unpublished); Ornithurae indet.*: maxillary tooth NHMM/ RD271 [106]; Aves indet.*: isolated teeth TMP 1996.012.0040 (unpublished), Aves PRIMA-1 indet.*: TMP 1986.030.0039 (crown only) (seems to be puzzled with TMP 1986.172.0053 of [25]), Aves indet.*: TMP 1994.031.0032 (crown only) (unpublished), Aves indet.: TMP 1986.052.0054 (crown only) [25]; Richardoestesia isosceles (Coelurosauria Incertae Sedis): TMP 1989.103.0025 ([27, 38]; was earlier determined as chicken by [25]).Extant crocodile specimenCampanian, Pinhorn Ranch –Wendy’s Web page, Alberta Canada; TMP 1994.031.0032: Scollard Development, Late Maastrichtian, Griffith Farm, Alberta, Canada; TMP 1986.030.0039 and TMP 1996.012.0040: Dinosaur Park Formation, Late Campanian, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada; TMP 1986.052.0054: Dinosaur Park Development, Late Campanian, Steveville Railroad Quality, Alberta, Canada. UAM_PV93.two.133_1 and UAM_PV93.two.133_2: Mooreville Chalk Development, Alabama, Usa, early Santonian to early Campanian [109]. YPM.1206: Niobrara Development, Kansas, Usa. Late Santonian ( 83 Ma); possible provenance from Goblin Hollow locality in the vicinity of Russell Springs, KS [110]. YPM.1450: Rooks County, Kansas, Usa. Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Formation. early Santonian [111]. YPM.1460: Twin Butte Creek [6], Niobrara Formation (Smoky Hill Chalk Member, early Santonian), Kansas, Usa [9, 111]. YPM.1775: Niobrara Development, Gove County, Kansas, United states of america [6]; i.e., 87?2 Ma.Synchrotron microtomographyTwo one-year-old crocodile specimens (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Ferme aux Crocodiles (Pierrelatte, France) had been scanned making use of regular x-ray microtomography.Anatomical nomenclatureIn toothless birds, rostral and caudal, and lateral and medial directions are generally employed as descriptors of instructions PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8627573 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22316373 and orientations, such as teeth positions, in jaws. In this article, working with toothed birds, we undertake a more exact nomenclatural technique, utilized for toothed vertebrates: mesial and distal (such as rostral and caudal) and labial and lingual (akin to lateral and medial). For tooth, size is mesio-distal, width is labiolingual, and height is basal-apical. For slices in jaws and enamel, chopping planes are horizontal, parasagittal, or transverse (to jaw axis). Like a result, parasagittal and transverse sections within a jaw throughout a tooth also are basalapical with regard towards the tooth axis.Provenance, geological context in the fossilsAll the samples scanned within the ESRF were being imaged within the beamline ID19 working with polychromatic beam and propagation period distinction. Depending on the sample dimensions and of the amount of element expected, several setups ended up utilized, yielding various amounts of resolution. In every one of the cases, we employed a FReLoN.